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Understanding Filter Efficiency and Beta Ratios


Filter ratings are an often misunderstood area of contamination control. On several recent occasions, I have witnessed someone describing a filter by its nominal rating. A nominal rating is an arbitrary micrometer value given to the filter by the manufacturer. These ratings have little to no value. Tests have shown that particles as large as 200 microns will pass through a nominally rated 10-micron filter. If someone tries to sell you a filter based on an "excellent" nominal rating of five microns, run away.
Absolute Rating
Another common rating for filters is the absolute rating. An absolute rating gives the size of the largest particle that will pass through the filter or screen. Essentially, this is the size of the largest opening in the filter although no standardized test method to determine its value exists. Still, absolute ratings are better for representing the effectiveness of a filter over nominal ratings.
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Figure 1
Beta Rating
The best and most commonly used rating in industry is the beta rating. The beta rating comes from the Multipass Method for Evaluating Filtration Performance of a Fine Filter Element (ISO 16889:1999).
Table 1. Effect of Filtration Ratio (Beta Ratio) on Downstream Fluid Cleanliness
To test a filter, particle counters accurately measure the size and quantity of upstream particles per known volume of fluid, as well as the size and quantity of particles downstream of the filter. The ratio is defined as the particle count upstream divided by the particle count downstream at the rated particle size. Using the beta ratio, a five-micron filter with a beta 10 rating, will have on average 10 particles larger than five microns upstream of the filter for every one particle five microns or greater downstream.
The efficiency of the filter can be calculated directly from the beta ratio because the percent capture efficiency is ((beta-1)/beta) x 100. A filter with a beta of 10 at five microns is thus said to be 90 percent efficient at removing particles five microns and larger.
Caution must be exercised when using beta ratios to compare filters because they do not take into account actual operating conditions such as flow surges and changes in temperature.
A filter's beta ratio also does not give any indication of its dirt-holding capacity, the total amount of contaminant that can be trapped by the filter throughout its life, nor does it account for its stability or performance over time.
Nevertheless, beta ratios are an effective way of gauging the expected performance of a filter.
I hope this new knowledge of filter efficiency ratings enables you to make a more informed purchase the next time you buy a filter.
Editor's Note
An estimate of the dirt-holding capacity is generated as a sub-part of ISO 16889:99.
About the Author
Jeremy Wright's role as technical consultant for Noria Reliability Solutions (NRS) has him furthering his skills as a lubrication specialist by teaching on-site seminars for a variety of clients and conducting Lubrication Process Design (LPD) consulting services for several industries.
Jeremy is a certified Machinery Lubricant Analyst (MLA) Level I and Level II and Machinery Lubrication Technician (MLT) Level I by the International Council for Machinery Lubrication (ICML). In addition, he is a Certified Maintenance Reliability Professional (CMRP) by the Society for Maintenance and Reliability Professionals (SMRP).
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